QP-CISF-25-ESSAY-PRECIS-WRITING-COMPREHENSION-280425

CISF AC (EXE) LDCE-2025 UASB-B-EPC निबन्ध, सारलेखन और अर्थग्रहण ESSAY, PRECIS WRITING AND COMPREHENSION निर्धारित समय : दो घंटे अधिकतम अंक : 100 Time Allowed : Two Hours Maximum Marks : 100 प्रश्न-पत्र सम्बन्धी विशेष अनुदेश प्रश्नो के उत्तर देने से पहले निम्नलिखित प्रत्येक अनुदेश को कृपया ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़िए | सभी प्रश्‍न अनिवार्य हैं | प्रश्न संख्या 1 अंग्रेजी और हिन्दी दोनों भाषाओ में छपा है | মহন संख्या 1 का उत्तर उस प्राधिकृत माध्यम (अंग्रेजी या हिन्दी) में लिखा जाना चाहिए, जिसका उल्लेख प्रवेश-पत्र में किया गया है और इस माध्यम का स्पष्ट उल्लेख प्रश्‍न-सह-उत्तर पुस्तिका के मुखपृष्ठ पर निर्दिष्ट स्थान पर किया जाना चाहिए | प्राधिकृत माध्यम के अतिरिक्त अन्य किसी माध्यम में लिखे गए उत्तर पर कोई अंक नहीं मिलेंगे | प्रश्‍न संख्या 2, ૭ एवं 4 केवल अंग्रेजी भाषा में છે हैं | प्रश्न संख्या 9, ૭ एवं 4 के उत्तर केवल अंग्रेजी में लिखे जाने चाहिए | किसी भी प्रश्न के सभी भागों/उपभागों के उत्तर साथ-साथ लिखना आवश्यक है | प्रत्येक प्रश्‍न/भाग के अंक उसके सामने दिए गए हैं | जहाँ भी प्रश्नों में शब्द-सीमा विनिर्दिष्ट है, उसका पालन करना आवश्यक है । प्रश्न-सह-उत्तर पुस्तिका में खाली छोड़े गए पृष्ठ या पृष्ठ के भागों को सफाई से काट देना चाहिए | आप किसी भी उत्तर में अपना परिचय प्रकट न कीजिए | Question Paper Specific Instructions Please read each of the following instructions carefully before attempting questions. All questions are compulsory. Question No. 1 is printed both in English and in Hindi. Answer to Question No. 1 should be written in the medium (English or Hindi) as authorized in the Admission Certificate and this medium must be stated clearly on the cover of the QCA Booklet in the space provided. No marks will be given for answers written in a medium other than the authorized one. Question Nos. 2, 3 and 4 are printed in English only. Answer to Question Nos. 2, 3 and 4 must be written in English only. All parts/sub-parts of a question shall be written together. The number of marks carried by a question/part is indicated against it. Word limit in questions, wherever specified, should be adhered to. Any page or portion of the page left blank in the QCA Booklet must be clearly struck off. You must not disclose your identity in any of your answers. UASB-B-EPC 1 ql. 2. निम्नलिखित विषयो में से किसी एक पर लगभग 500 என்ர ஈஸ்‌ लिखिए : Write an essay in about 500 words on any one of the following topics : (੩) पैरालम्पिक खेलों में भारतीय खिलाड़ियों का प्रदर्शन The Performance of Indian Sportspersons in Paralympic Games (9) भारत में स्टार्टअप : अवसर और चुनौतियाँ Start-ups in India : Opportunities and Challenges (८) सामयिक भारत में औद्योगिक साइबर सुरक्षा Industrial Cyber Security in Contemporary India (ત) भारतीय शिक्षा व्यवस्था में कौशल विकास Skill Development in the Indian Educational System (8) दूध का जला छाछ भी फूँककर पीता है Once bitten, twice shy Write a précis of the following passage by reducing it to one-third of its length. Failure to adhere to the word limit may result in deduction of marks. Do not suggest any title. The précis must be written only in the space provided for it. Since the Second World War, the state system has been playing a very important role in International Political Economy (IPE). In other words, states provide the key to the international economic system. This is apparent from the creation of the UNO, the IMF and the World Bank as parts of the UN system, and from the WTO where states are the major constituents. Despite criticism by the liberals, the state’s leading role in IPE can hardly be ignored at the moment. In fact, the state’s dominant role in economic activities could be observed more in the poor South than in the rich North. Economic activities are guided and protected by the state more effectively in the South than in the North. However, with the onset of globalization, mainly from the early 1980s, UASB-B-EPC 2 40 20 more and more private players have become very active in economic matters throughout the world. Although private players had remained involved in economic activities in the rich North, and in a few states of the South, since the Second World War, their increasing importance in economic affairs all over the world today can be attributed to the phenomenon of globalization. Thus, two parallel but linked actors are very active in IPE today: the states and the private corporations. It is also argued today that with the presence of considerable interdependence among different states in the global economy, the post-Second World War distinction between a national economy and the international economic system is getting blurred. As national economies try to integrate more with the international economic order, the barrier is more frequently and consciously breached today than in earlier times. The concept of free trade across borders is gaining momentum, but not without risks. Increasing interdependence in the global economy may bring some relief to domestic economies through the inflow of capital and goods, but it may deprive people of getting vital social and economic security provided by the state. Global economic interdependence may allow national governments to shift some of their responsibilities to private and international actors, but the social costs of this transfer may bring disaster for the people, particularly in the states of the South. At the same time, unilateral protectionism is also not possible in our times because it would rob a state’s economy of competitiveness, and the desire to grow further and integrate itself with the international economic order. This brings in a major dilemma in the IPE of our times. Internationalization of economic activities, free trade and privatization may be necessary; but how far they can be stretched is the burning question today. The great economic recession in the United States and West Europe in 2008, mostly due to the failure of the private banking system, put a big question mark on excessive interdependence and privatization. The state had to finally step in and announce subsidy to overcome the crisis in the United States. The economic recession also posed a serious challenge to the liberal idea of free trade and internationalization in economic activities. The economic recession in 2008 proved that the liberal views of the IPE, which seem to be very popular now, are not flawless and need to be reassessed further. Interdependence among global economic activities has not been effectively matched by global cooperation on ecological, health and demographic issues. This has further UASB-B-EPC 3 widened the North-South gap which may not prove to be healthy for IPE in the future. In future, international politics will thrive on economic and social inequalities between the North and the South. The growing North-South divide will increasingly challenge the wisdom of liberal economic ideas of free trade, privatization and globalization. If more than half of the world’s population is deprived of the basic amenities of life, capitalist economy will be put to a litmus test. In that case, it may shift its current preference of growing internationalism to more regional trade blocs, concentrating in North America and Europe. The vast areas of the South may look back primarily to domestic economic affairs, shunning internationalism. The North-South divide may re-establish the distinction between a national economy and the international economic system, because no economic ideology can succeed if it divides the people on the basis of socio-economic parameters. (701 words) Q3. Read the following passage and write clear and precise answers to the questions that follow, in your own words : 4x5=20 A natural forest is the product of all the millions of years that have passed since the beginning of our planet. If it is cut down, another forest may grow up, but the continuity has been broken. The disruption in the natural life cycles of the plants and animals means that the forest will never again be as it would have been, had it not been cut. The gains made from cutting the forest —employment, profits for business, export earnings, and cheaper cardboard and paper for packaging — are short-term benefits. Even if the forest is not cut, but drowned to build a dam to create electricity, it is likely that the benefits will last for only a generation or two: after that new technology will render such methods of generating power obsolete. Once the forest is cut or drowned, however, the link with the past has gone forever. That is a cost that will be borne by every generation that succeeds us on this planet. It is for that reason that environmentalists are right to speak of wilderness as a ‘world heritage’. It is something that we have inherited from our ancestors, and that we must preserve for our descendants, if they are to have it at all. In contrast to many more stable, tradition-oriented human societies, our modern political and cultural ethos has great difficulty in recognising long-term values. People who make policy decisions are sometimes UASB-B-EPC 4 short-sighted; but even if they look towards the times ahead, they will find their economic advisers telling them that anything to be gained in the future should be discounted to such a degree as to make it easy to disregard the long-term future altogether. Economists have been taught to apply a discount rate to all future goods. In other words, a million dollars in twenty years is not worth a million dollars today, even when we allow for inflation. Economists will discount the value of the million dollars by a certain percentage, usually corresponding to the real long-term interest rates. This makes economic sense, because if I had a thousand dollars today I could invest it so that it would be worth more, in real terms, in twenty years. But the use of a discount rate means that values gained one hundred years hence rank very low, in comparison with values gained today; and values gained one thousand years in the future scarcely count at all. This is not because of any uncertainty about whether there will be human beings or other sentient creatures inhabiting this planet at that time, but merely because of the cumulative effect of the rate of return on money invested now. From the standpoint of the priceless and timeless values of wilderness, however, applying a discount rate gives us the wrong answer. There are some things that, once lost, no amount of money can regain. Thus to justify the destruction of an ancient forest on the grounds that it will earn us substantial export income is unsound, even if we could invest that income and increase its value from year to year; for no matter how much we increased its value, it could never buy back the link with the past represented by the forest. This argument does not show that there can be no justification for cutting any natural forests, but it does mean that any such justification must take full account of the value of the forests to the generations to come in the more remote future, as well as in the more immediate future. This value will obviously be related to the particular scenic or biological significance of the forest; but as the proportion of true wilderness on the earth dwindles, every part of it becomes significant, because the opportunities for experiencing wilderness become scarce, and the likelihood of a reasonable selection of the major forms of wilderness being preserved is reduced. Can we be sure that future generations will appreciate wilderness? Perhaps they will be happier sitting in air-conditioned shopping malls, playing computer games more sophisticated than any we can imagine. That is possible. But there are several reasons why we should not give this possibility too much UASB-B-EPC 5 weight. First, the trend has been in the opposite direction: the appreciation of wilderness has never been higher than it is today, especially among those nations that have overcome the problems of poverty and hunger and have relatively little wilderness left. Wilderness is valued as something of immense beauty, as a reservoir of scientific knowledge still to be gained, for the recreational opportunities that it provides, and because many people just like to know that something natural is still there, relatively untouched by modern civilization. If, as we all hope, future generations are able to provide for the basic needs of most people, we can expect that for centuries to come, they, too, will value wilderness for the same reasons that we value it. (a) | Why should forests not be destroyed ? (b) Why is it difficult to recognise long-term values in the present time ? (c) | Why can’t economic value be used to assess the value of forests ? (d) |Howcan the cutting down of natural forests be justified ? (e) How is wilderness valued ? Q4. Read the following passage and write clear and precise answers to the questions that follow, in your own words: 4x5=20 If social structure is so important, it is important to know how to identify it, and important to realize that special approaches are needed. Broadly there are two kinds of structural approaches: studying an entire network of all the ties of interest among the actors in some bounded setting (whole networks) or studying the ties among all the people tied in some way to particular actors (actor-centered approaches). For example, one might study ties of trade, diplomacy, war, and so on among all the countries of the world, or one might randomly survey people and ask them to report on their ties to their intimates. Whole network analysis is always best if feasible, because it gives the overall structure of the network as a whole, as well as the limited network surrounding each individual actor. Starting with whole networks, then, what has to be done to study one? First comes the sticky problem of boundaries. Networks naturally spread out, so no boundary is ever perfect. For example, Florentine elite families UASB-B-EPC 6 sometimes married and did business with families outside their group. Some boundaries are defined by populations of special interest, like the Florentine elite. Some are based on social definition of separate social entities, as in looking at all the ties of advice and friendship within a corporation. Some researchers start with one of these approaches, track ties to any social actor (whether in the initially selected group or not), and then add any actors with many ties to the initially selected group. Whatever the strategy, one hopes to find a set of actors with relatively good separateness from the rest of the world, separateness in the network sense: more ties within the set than between those in it and those outside it. Second, what ties should one study? The best overall strategy is variety: friendship and enmity, business alliances and competition, trade, diplomacy, and war. Different kinds of ties have different causes and effects, and it is all of them together that makes up social structure. All too often we skip negative ties, in part because these can be a real challenge for research. People happily report whom they like, but when asked whom they dislike, insist that they dislike no one at all. When companies engage in illegal conspiracies, they do their best not to let researchers know. One popular, classic approach with a long history is to look for sets of actors who are relatively closely tied to each other, the small groups within the bigger networks. We recognize such groups in everyday life: cliques in a high school, business groups, political factions. And such groups can be important; for example, in encouraging similarity of thought among group members, as noted above. It would be easy to identify such groups if they were ideal-typical in some way — for example, if all people had friendship ties only within their cliques and hostile ties only with outsiders — but social reality is just not that neat. Thus people have developed a number of ways to define groupings that are approximately cliques, in some modified sense of cliqueness. Different options have different theoretical rationales and suit different research issues. For example, conformity pressures are strongest when clique members have many ties to each other (hence are under each other’s influence), so a student of attitudes might want to look for cliques in the sense of high density groups (density is the proportion of all possible linkages that actually exist). But information can flow among all members of a group as long as they are interconnected, directly or indirectly, even if many possible ties are missing; while at the same time the quality of the information tends to deteriorate if it is UASB-B-EPC 7 passed on many times. Thus students of information flow might want to look for groups such that everyone in the group can reach everyone else directly or through at most one intermediary. The search for groups has great intuitive appeal for most people, but it cannot handle some important features of social networks. First, some crucial parts of social structures are not groups in any sense, such as marginal actors whose defining (and crippling) characteristic is their lack of connections. Actors may have a common location in a structure without having ties to each other. Second, most structures include a variety of ties, each with a different pattern, yet the search for groups can handle only one tie at a time. For example, if we want groups in the sense of maximum density, we can maximize density on only one kind of tie; the maximum density groupings for other ties will normally be different. One may be involved in one cluster of co-workers while discussing work problems, and another while discussing sports. Problems like these fuelled interest in a more general kind of search: the search for sets of actors who occupy the same kind of position in an overall social structure. (a) What are the different kinds of structural approaches for studying society ? (b) Why is the concept of boundaries problematic ? (c) How are ties important for understanding social structure ? (d) In what ways are cliques relevant in the formation of social groups ? (e) Make sentences with the following words used in the passage to bring out their meaning : (i) intuitive (ii) crippling Gii) diplomacy (iv) feasible UASB-B-EPC 8