Accounting
Statement deals with accounting for such fixed assets except as described in paragraphs 2 to 5
below. ∗
2. This statement does not deal with the specialised aspects of accounting for fixed assets that arise
under a comprehensive system reflecting the effects of changing prices but applies to financial
statements prepared on historical cost basis.
3. This statement does not deal with accounting for the following items to which special
considerations apply:
(i) forests, plantations and similar regenerative natural resources ;
(ii) wasting assets including mineral rights, expenditure on the exploration for and extraction of
minerals, oil, natural gas and similar non-regenerative resources ;
(iii) expenditure on real estate development ; and
(iv) livestock.
Expenditure on individual items of fixed assets used to develop or maintain the activities covered in (i) to (iv)
above, but separable from those activities, are to be accounted for in accordance with this statement.
4. This statement does not cover the allocation of the depreciable amount of fixed assets to future
periods since this subject is dealt with in Accounting Standard 6 on “Depreciation Accounting”.
5. This statement does not deal with the treatment of Government grants and subsidies, and assets
under leasing rights. It makes only a brief reference to the capitalisation of borrowing costs£ and
assets acquired in an amalgamation or merger. These subjects require more extensive consideration
than can be given within the statement.
Definitions
6. The following terms are used in this Statement with their meanings specified :
6.1 Fixed asset is an asset held with the intention of being used for the purpose of producing or providing
goods or services and is not held for sale in the normal course of business.
6.2 Fair market value is the price that would be agreed to in an open and unrestricted market between
knowledgeable and willing parties dealing at arm’s length who are fully informed and are not under any
compulsion to transact.
6.3 Gross book value of a fixed asset is its historical cost or other amount substituted for historical cost in
the books of account or financial statements. When this amount is shown net of accumulated
depreciation, it is termed as net book value.
Explanation
7. Fixed assets often comprise a significant portion of the total assets of an enterprise and therefore, are
important in the presentation of financial position. Furthermore, the determination of whether an
∗ From the date of AS 26, becoming mandatory for the concerned enterprises, the relevant paragraphs of the
standard that deal with patents and know-how, stand withdrawn and therefore, the same are omitted from this
standard.
£ The relevant requirements in this regard are omitted from this standard pursuant to As 16, Borrowing Costs,
becoming mandatory in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1.4.2004.
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expenditure represents an asset or an expense can have a material effect on an enterprise’s reported
results of operations.
8. Identification of Fixed Assets
8.1 The definition in paragraph 6.1 gives criteria for determining whether items are to be classified as fixed
assets. Judgment is required in applying the criteria to specific circumstances or specific types of
enterprises. It may be appropriate to aggregate individually insignificant items, and to apply the criteria
to the aggregate value. An enterprise may decide to expense an item which could otherwise have been
included as fixed assets, because the amount of the expenditure is not material.
8.2 Stand-by equipment and servicing equipment are normally capitalised. Machinery spares are usually
charged to the profit and loss statement as and when consumed. However, if such spares can be used
only in connection with an item of fixed assets and their use is expected to be irregular, it may be
appropriate to allocate the total cost on a systematic basis over a period not exceeding the useful life of
the principal item.€
8.3 In certain circumstances, the accounting for an item of fixed asset may be improved if the total
expenditure thereon is allocated to its component parts, provided they are in practice separable, and
estimates are made of the useful lives of these components. For example, rather than treat an aircraft
and its engines as one unit, it may be better to treat the engines as a separate unit if it is likely that their
useful life is shorter than that of the aircraft as a whole.
9. Components of Cost
9.1 The cost of an item of fixed assets comprises its purchase price, including import duties and other non-
refundable taxes or levies and any directly attributable cost of bringing the asset to its working
condition for its intended use ; any trade discounts and rebates are deducted in arriving at the
purchase price. Examples of directly attributable costs are :
(i) site preparation ;
(ii) initial delivery and handling costs ;
(iii) installation cost, such as special foundations for plant ; and
(iv) professional fees, for example fees of architects and engineers.
The cost of a fixed asset may undergo changes subsequent to its acquisition or construction on
account of exchange fluctuations, price adjustments, changes in duties or similar factors.
9.21 Financing costs relating to deferred credits or to borrowed funds attributable to construction or
acquisition of fixed assets for the period up to the completion of construction or acquisition of fixed
assets are also sometimes included in the gross book value of the asset to which they relate. However,
financing costs (including interest) on fixed assets purchased on a deferred credit basis or on monies
€ See also ASI 2
1 Pursuant to the issuance of AS 16, Borrowing costs, which comes into effect in respect of accounting periods
commencing on or after 1.4.2000, this paragraph stands withdrawn from the aforesaid date.
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borrowed for construction or acquisition of fixed assets are not capitalised to the extent that such costs
relate to periods after such assets are ready to be put to use.
9.3 Administration and other general overhead expenses are usually excluded from the cost of fixed assets
because they do not relate to a specific fixed asset. However, in some circumstances, such expenses
as are specifically attributable to construction of a project or to the acquisition of a fixed asset or
bringing it to its working condition, may be included as part of the cost of the construction project or as
a part of the cost of the fixed asset.
9.4 The expenditure incurred on start-up and commissioning of the project, including the expenditure
incurred on test runs and experimental production, is usually capitalised as an indirect element of the
construction cost. However, the expenditure incurred after the plant has begun commercial production
i.e., production intended for sale or captive consumption, is not capitalised and is treated as revenue
expenditure even though the contract may stipulate that the plant will not be finally taken over until after
the satisfactory completion of the guarantee period.
9.5 If the interval between the date a project is ready to commence commercial production and the
date at which commercial production actually begins is prolonged, all expenses incurred during
this period are charged to the profit and loss statement. However, the expenditure incurred during
this period is also sometimes treated as deferred revenue expenditure to be amortised over a
period not exceeding 3 to 5 years after the commencement of commercial production2.
10. Self-Constructed Fixed Assets
10.1 In arriving at the gross book value of self-constructed fixed assets, the same principles apply as
those described in paragraphs 9.1 to 9.5. Included in the gross book value are costs of
construction that relate directly to the specific asset and costs that are attributable to the
construction activity in general and can be allocated to the specific asset. Any internal profits are
eliminated in arriving at such costs.
11. Non-monetary Consideration
11.1 When a fixed asset is acquired in exchange for another asset, its cost is usually determined by
reference to the fair market value of the consideration given. It may be appropriate to consider
also the fair market value of the asset acquired if this is more clearly evident. An alternative
accounting treatment that is sometimes used for an exchange of assets, particularly when the
assets exchanged are similar, is to record the asset acquired at the net book value of asset given
up. In each case an adjustment is made for any balancing receipt or payment of cash or other
consideration.
11.2 When a fixed asset is acquired in exchange for shares or other securities in the enterprise, it is
usually recorded at its fair market value, or the fair market value of the securities issued,
whichever is more clearly evident.
12. Improvements and Repairs
2 It may be noted that this paragraph relates to "all expenses" incurred during the period. This expenditure would
also include borrowing costs incurred during the said period. Since AS 16, Borrowing Costs, specifically deals with
the treatment of borrowing costs, the treatment provided by AS 16 would prevail over the provisions in this respect
contained in this paragraph as these provisions are general in nature and apply to "all expenses". Accordingly, this
paragraph stands withdrawn in so far as borrowing costs are concerned.
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12.1 Frequently, it is difficult to determine whether subsequent expenditure related to fixed assets
represents improvements that ought to be added to the gross book value or repairs that ought to
be charged to the profit and loss statement. Only expenditure that increases the future benefits
from the existing asset beyond its previously assessed standard of performance is included in the
gross book value, e.g. an increase in capacity.
12.2 The cost of an addition or extension to an existing asset which is of a capital nature and which
becomes an integral part of the existing asset is usually added to its gross book value. Any
addition or extension which has a separate identity and is capable of being used after the existing
asset is disposed of, is accounted for separately.
13. Amount Substituted for Historical Cost
13.1 Sometimes financial statements that are otherwise prepared on a historical cost basis include part
or all of fixed assets at a valuation in substitution for historical costs and depreciation is
calculated accordingly. Such financial statements are to be distinguished from financial
statements prepared on a basis intended to reflect comprehensively the effects of changing
prices.
13.2 A commonly accepted and preferred method of restating fixed assets is by appraisal, normally
undertaken by competent valuers. Other methods sometimes used are indexation and reference
to current prices which when applied are cross checked periodically by appraisal method.
13.3 The revalued amounts of fixed assets are presented in financial statements, either by restating
both the gross book value and accumulated depreciation so as to give a net book value equal to
the net revalued amount or by restating the net book value by adding therein the net increase on
account of revaluation. An upward revaluation does not provide a basis for crediting to the profit
and loss statement the accumulated depreciation existing at the date of revaluation.
13.4 Different bases of valuation are sometimes used in the same financial statements to determine the
book value of the separate items within each of the categories of fixed assets or for the different
categories of fixed assets. In such cases, it is necessary to disclose the gross book value
included on each basis.
13.5 Selective revaluation of assets can lead to unrepresentative amounts being reported in financial
statements. Accordingly, when revaluations do not cover all the assets of a given class, it is
appropriate that the selection of assets to be revalued be made on a systematic basis. For
example, an enterprise may revalue a whole class of assets within a unit.
13.6 It is not appropriate for the revaluation of class of assets to result in the net book value of that
class being greater than the recoverable amount of the assets of that class.
13.7 An increase in net book value arising on revaluation of fixed assets is normally credited directly to
owner’s interests under the heading of revaluation reserves and is regarded as not available for
distribution. A decrease in net book value arising on revaluation of fixed assets is charged to
profit and loss statement except that, to the extent that such a decrease is considered to be
related to a previous increase on revaluation that is included in revaluation reserve, it is
sometimes charged against that earlier increase. It sometimes happens that an increase to be
recorded is a reversal of a previous decrease arising on revaluation which has been charged to
profit and loss statement in which case the increase is credited to profit and loss statement to the
extent that it offsets the previously recorded decrease.
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14. Retirements and Disposals
14.1 An item of fixed asset is eliminated from the financial statements on disposal.
14.2 Items of fixed assets that have been retired from active use and are held for disposal are stated at the
lower of their net book value and net realisable value and are shown separately in the financial
statements. Any expected loss is recognised immediately in the profit and loss statement.
14.3 In historical cost financial statements, gains or losses arising on disposal are generally recognised in
the profit and loss statement.
14.4 On disposal of a previously revalued item of fixed asset, the difference between net disposal proceeds
and the net book value is normally charged or credited to the profit and loss statement except that to
the extent such a loss is related to an increase which was previously recorded as a credit to revaluation
reserve and which has not been subsequently reversed or utilised, it is charged directly to that account.
The amount standing in revaluation reserve following the retirement or disposal of an asset which
relates to that asset may be transferred to general reserve.
15. Valuation of Fixed Assets in Special Cases
15.1 In the case of fixed assets acquired on hire purchase terms, although legal ownership does not vest in
the enterprise, such assets are recorded at their cash value, which if not readily available, is calculated
by assuming an appropriate rate of interest. They are shown in the balance sheet with an appropriate
narration to indicate that the enterprise does not have full ownership thereof.3
15.2 Where an enterprise owns fixed assets jointly with others (otherwise than as a partner in a firm), the
extent of its share in such assets, and the proportion in the original cost, accumulated depreciation and
written down value are stated in the balance sheet. Alternatively, the pro rata cost of such jointly owned
assets is grouped together with similar fully owned assets. Details of such jointly owned assets are
indicated separately in the fixed assets register.
15.3 Where several assets are purchased for a consolidated price, the consideration is apportioned to the
various assets on a fair basis as determined by competent valuers.
16. Fixed Assets of Special Types
16.1 Goodwill in general, is recorded in the books only when some consideration in money or money’s worth
has been paid for it. Whenever a business is acquired for a price (payable either in cash or in shares or
otherwise) which is in excess of the value of the net assets of the business taken over, the excess is
termed as goodwill. Goodwill arises from business connections, trade name or reputation of an
enterprise or from other intangible benefits enjoyed by an enterprise.
16.2 As a matter of financial prudence, goodwill is written off over a period. However, many enterprises do
not write off goodwill and retain it as an asset.2
3 AS 19, Leases has come into effect in respect of assets leased during accounting periods commencing on or after
1.4.2001. AS 19 also applies to assets acquired on hire purchase during accounting periods commencing on or
after 1.4.2001. Accordingly, this paragraph is not applicable in respect of assets acquired on hire purchase during
accounting periods commencing on or after 1.4.2001.
2 From the date of AS 26 becoming mandatory for the concerned enterprises, paragraphs 16.4 to 16.7 stand
withdrawn and hence not given here.
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17. Disclosure
17.1 Certain specific disclosures on accounting for fixed assets are already required by Accounting
Standard 1 on “Disclosure of Accounting Policies” and Accounting Standard-6 on “Depreciation
Accounting”.
17.2 Further disclosures that are sometimes made in financial statements include :
(i) gross and net book values of fixed assets at the beginning and end of an accounting period
showing additions, disposals, acquisitions and other movements ;
(ii) expenditure incurred on account of fixed assets in the course of construction or acquisition ; and
(iii) revalued amounts substituted for historical costs of fixed assets, the method adopted to compute
the revalued amounts, the nature of any indices used, the year of any appraisal made, and
whether an external valuer was involved, in case where fixed assets are stated at revalued
amounts.
Accounting Standard
(The Accounting Standard comprises paragraphs 18 to 39 of this Statement. The Standard should be
read in the context of paragraphs 1 to 17 of this Statement and of the ‘Preface to the Statements of
Accounting Standards’.)
18. The items determined in accordance with the definition in paragraph 6.1 of this statement
should be included under fixed assets in financial statements.
19. The gross book value of a fixed asset should be either historical cost or a revaluation computed
in accordance with this Standard. The method of accounting for fixed assets included at
historical cost is set out in paragraphs 20 to 26 ; the method of accounting for revalued assets
is set out in paragraphs 27 to 32.
20. The cost of a fixed asset should comprise its purchase price and any attributable costs of
bringing the asset to its working condition for its intended use. [Financing costs relating to
deferred credits or to borrowed funds attributable to construction or acquisition of fixed assets
for the period up to the completion of construction or acquisition of fixed assets should also be
included in the gross book value of the asset to which they relate. However, the financing costs
(including interest) on fixed assets purchased on a deffered credit basis or on monies borrowed
for construction or acquisition of fixed assets should not be capitalised to the extent that such
costs relate to periods after such assets are ready to be put to use.]∗
21. The cost of a self-constructed fixed asset should comprise those costs that relate directly to
the specific asset and those that are attributable to the construction activity in general and can
be allocated to the specific asset.
22. When a fixed asset is acquired in exchange or in part exchange for another asset, the cost of
the asset acquired should be recorded either at fair market value or at the net book value of the
asset given up, adjusted for any balancing payment or receipt of cash or other consideration.
For these purposes fair market value may be determined by reference either to the asset given
up or to the asset acquired, whichever is more clearly evident. Fixed asset acquired in
∗ The marked portion of this paragraph has been withdrawn after issuance of AS16, ‘Borrowing Costs’.
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exchange for shares or other securities in the enterprise should be recorded at its fair market
value, or the fair market value of the securities issued, whichever is more clearly evident.
23. Subsequent expenditures related to an item of fixed asset should be added to its book value
only if they increase the future benefits from the existing asset beyond its previously assessed
standard of performance.
24. Material items retired from active use and held for disposal should be stated at the lower of
their net book value and net realisable value and shown separately in the financial statements.
25. Fixed asset should be eliminated from the financial statements on disposal or when no further
benefit is expected from its use and disposal.
26. Losses arising from the retirement or gains or losses arising from disposal of fixed asset which
is carried at cost should be recognised in the profit and loss statement.
27. When a fixed asset is revalued in financial statements, an entire class of assets should be
revalued, or the selection of assets for revaluation should be made on a systematic basis. This
basis should be disclosed.
28. The revaluation in financial statements of a class of assets should not result in the net book value of
that class being greater than the recoverable amount of assets of that class.
29. When a fixed asset is revalued upwards, any accumulated depreciation existing at the date of
the revaluation should not be credited to the profit and loss statement.
30. An increase in net book value arising on revaluation of fixed assets should be credited directly
to owner’s interests under the head of revaluation reserve, except that, to the extent that such
increase is related to and not greater than a decrease arising on revaluation previously
recorded as a charge to the profit and loss statement, it may be credited to the profit and loss
statement. A decrease in net book value arising on revaluation of fixed asset should be charged
directly to the profit and loss statement except that to the extent that such a decrease is related
to an increase which was previously recorded as a credit to revaluation reserve and which has
not been subsequently reversed or utilised, it may be charged directly to that account.
31. The provisions of paragraphs 23, 24 and 25 are also applicable to fixed assets included in
financial statements at a revaluation.
32. On disposal of a previously revalued item of fixed asset, the difference between net disposal
proceeds and the net book value should be charged or credited to the profit and loss statement
except that to the extent that such a loss is related to an increase which was previously
recorded as a credit to revaluation reserve and which has not been subsequently reversed or
utilised, it may be charged directly to that account.
33. Fixed assets acquired on hire purchase terms should be recorded at their cash value, which, if
not readily available, should be calculated by assuming an appropriate rate of interest. They
should be shown in the balance sheet with an appropriate narration to indicate that the
enterprise does not have full ownership thereof6.
34. In the case of fixed assets owned by the enterprise jointly with others, the extent of the
enterprise’s shares in such assets, and the proportion of the original cost, accumulated depre-
6 Refer footnote 3.
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ciation and written down value should be stated in the balance sheet. Alternatively, the pro rata
cost of such jointly owned assets may be grouped together with similar fully owned assets with
an appropriate disclosure thereof.
35. Where several fixed assets are purchased for a consolidated price, the consideration should be
apportioned to the various assets on a fair basis as determined by competent valuers.
36. Goodwill should be recorded in the books only when some consideration in money or money’s
worth has been paid for it. Whenever a business is acquired for a price (payable in cash or in
shares or otherwise) which is in excess of the value of the net assets of the business taken
over, the excess should be termed as “goodwill”.
37. { }∗
38. { } ∗
Disclosure
39. The following information should be disclosed in the financial statements :
(i) gross and net book values of fixed assets at the beginning and end of an accounting
period showing additions, disposals, acquisitions and other movements ;
(ii) expenditure incurred on account of fixed assets in the course of construction or
acquisition ; and
(iii) revalued amount substituted for historical costs of fixed assets, the method adopted to
compute the revalued amounts, the nature of indices used, the year of any appraisal
made, and whether an external valuer was involved, in case where fixed assets are stated
at revalued amounts.
AS 13∗ : Accounting For Investments
Introduction
1. This statement deals with accounting for investments in the financial statements of enterprises and
related disclosure requirements.1
2. This statement does not deal with:
(a) the bases for recognition of interest, dividends and rentals earned on investments which are
∗ From the date of AS 26 becoming mandatory for the concerned enterprises, paragraphs 37 and 38 stand
withdrawn and hence not given here.
∗ A limited revision to this standard has been made in 2003, pursuant to which paragraph 2(d) of this standard has
been revised (See footnote 2 to this standard)
1 Shares, debentures and other securities held as stock-in-trade (i.e. for sale in the ordinary course of business) are
not ‘investments’ as defined in this statement. However, the manner in which they are accounted for and disclosed
in the financial statements is quite similar to that applicable in respect of current investments. Accordingly, the
provisions of this statement, to the extent that they relate to current investments, are also applicable to shares,
debentures and other securities held as stock-in-trade, with suitable modifications as specified in this statement.
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covered by Accounting Standard 9 on Revenue Recognition;
(b) operating or finance leases;
(c) investments of retirement benefit plans and life insurance enterprises; and
(d) mutual funds and venture capital funds2 and/or the related asset management companies, banks
and public financial institutions formed under a Central or State Government Act or so declared
under the Companies Act, 1956.
Definitions
3. The following terms are used in this Statement with the meanings assigned :
Investments are assets held by an enterprise for earning income by way of dividends, interest, and rentals,
for capital appreciation, or for other benefits to the investing enterprise. Assets held as stock-in-trade are not
‘investments’.
A current investment is an investment that is by its nature readily realisable and is intended to be held for not
more than one year from the date on which such investment is made.
A long-term investment is an investment other than a current investment.
An investment property is an investment in land or buildings that are not intended to be occupied
substantially for use by, or in the operations of, the investing enterprise.
Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged between a knowledgeable, willing buyer and
a knowledgeable, willing seller in an arm’s length transaction. Under appropriate circumstances, market
value or net realisable value provides an evidence of fair value.
Market value is the amount obtainable from the sale of an investment in an open market, net of expenses
necessarily to be incurred on or before disposal.
Explanation
Forms of Investments
4. Enterprises hold investments for diverse reasons. For some enterprises, investment activity is a
significant element of operations, and assessment of the performance of the enterprise may largely, or
solely, depend on the reported results of this activity.
5. Some investments have no physical existence and are represented merely by certificates or similar
documents (e.g., shares) while others exist in a physical form (e.g., buildings). The nature of an
investment may be that of a debt, other than a short or long- term loan or a trade debt, representing a
monetary amount owing to the holder and usually bearing interest, alternatively, it may be a stake in
the results and net assets of an enterprise such as an equity share. Most investments represent
financial rights, but some are tangible, such as certain investments in land or buildings.
2 The Council of the Institute decided to make the limited revision to AS 13 in 2003 pursuant to which the words ‘and
venture capital funds’ have been added in paragraph 2(d) of AS 13. This revision comes into effect in respect of
accounting periods commencing on or after 1.4.2002.
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6. For some investments, an active market exists from which a market value can be established. For such
investments, market value generally provides the best evidence of fair value. For other investments, an
active market does not exist and other means are used to determine fair value.
Classification of Investments
7. Enterprises present financial statements that classify fixed assets, investments and current assets into
separate categories. Investments are classified as Long Term Investments and Current Investments.
Current investments are in the nature of current assets, although the common practice may be to
include them in investments.3
8. Investments other than current investments are classified as long-term investments, even though may
be readily marketable.
Cost of Investments
9. The cost of an investment includes acquisition charges such as brokerage, fees and duties.
10. If an investment is acquired, or partly acquired, by the issue of shares or other securities, the
acquisition cost is the fair value of the securities issued (which, in appropriate cases, may be indicated
by the issue price as determined by statutory authorities). The fair value may not necessarily be equal
to the nominal or par value of the securities issued.
11. If an investment is acquired in exchange, or part exchange, for another asset, the acquisition cost of
the investment is determined by reference to the fair value of the asset given up. It may be appropriate
to consider the fair value of the investment acquired if it is more clearly evident.
12. Interest, dividends and rentals receivables in connection with an investment are generally regarded as
income, being the return on the investment. However, in some circumstances, such inflows represent a
recovery of cost and do not form part of income. For example, when unpaid interest has accrued
before the acquisition of an interest-bearing investment and is therefore included in the price paid for
the investment, the subsequent receipt of interest is allocated between pre-acquisition and post-
acquisition periods; the pre-acquisition portion is deducted from cost. When dividends on equity are
declared from pre-acquisition profits, a similar treatment may apply. If it is difficult to make such an
allocation except on an arbitrary basis, the cost of investment is normally reduced by dividends
receivable only if they clearly represent a recovery of a part of the cost.
13. When rights shares offered are subscribed for, the cost of the rights shares is added to the carrying
amount of the original holding. If rights are not subscribed for but are sold in the market, the sale
proceeds are taken to the profit and loss statement. However, where the investments are acquired on
cum-right basis and the market value of investments immediately after their becoming ex-right is lower
than the cost for which they were acquired, it may be appropriate to apply the sale proceeds of rights to
reduce the carrying amount of such investments to the market value.
3 Shares, debentures and other securities held for sale in the ordinary course of business are disclosed as ‘stock-in-
trade’ under the head ‘current assets’.
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Carrying Amount of Investments
Current Investments
14. The carrying amount for current investments is the lower of cost and fair value. In respect of
investments for which an active market exists, market value generally provides the best evidence of fair
value. The valuation of current investments at lower of cost and fair value provides a prudent method of
determining the carrying amount to be stated in the balance sheet.
15. Valuation of current investments on overall (or global) basis is not considered appropriate. Sometimes,
the concern of an enterprise may be with the value of a category of related current investments and not
with each individual investment, and accordingly the investments may be carried at the lower of cost
and fair value computed category wise (i.e. equity shares, preference shares, convertible debentures,
etc.). However, the more prudent and appropriate method is to carry investments individually at the
lower of cost and fair value.
16. For current investments, any reduction to fair value and any reversals of such reductions are included
in the profit and loss statement.
Long-Term Investments
17. Long-term investments are usually carried at cost. However, when there is a decline, other than
temporary, in the value of a long-term investment, the carrying amount is reduced to recognise the
decline. Indicators of the value of an investment are obtained by reference to its market value, the
investee’s assets and results and the expected cash flows from the investment. The type and extent of
the investor’s stake in the investee are also taken into account. Restrictions on distributions by the
investee or on disposal by the investor may affect the value attributed to the investment.
18. Long-term investments are usually of individual importance to the investing enterprise. The carrying
amount of long-term investments is therefore determined on an individual investment basis.
19. Where there is a decline, other than temporary, in the carrying amounts of long-term investments, the
resultant reduction in the carrying amount is charged to the profit and loss statement. The reduction in
carrying amount is reversed when there is a rise in the value of the investment, or if the reasons for the
reduction no longer exist.
Investment Properties
20. The cost of any shares in co-operative society or a company, the holding of which is directly related to
the right to hold the investment property, is added to the carrying amount of the investment property.
Disposal of Investments
21. On disposal of an investment, the difference between the carrying amount and the disposal proceeds,
net of expenses, is recognised in the profit and loss statement.
22. When disposing of a part of the holding of an individual investment, the carrying amount to be allocated
to that part is to be determined on the basis of the average carrying amount of the total holding of the
investment4.
4 In respect of shares, debentures and other securities held as stock-in-trade. The cost of stocks disposed of is
determined by applying an appropriate cost formula (e.g. first-in, first-out, average cost, etc.). These cost formulae
are the same as those specified in AS 2 in respect of Valuation of Inventories.
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Reclassification of Investments
23. Where, long-term investments are reclassified as current investments, transfers are made at the lower
of cost and carrying amount at the date of transfer.
24. Where investments are reclassified from current to long-term, transfers are made at the lower of cost
and fair value at the date of transfer.
Disclosure
25. The following disclosures in financial statements in relation to investments are appropriate :
(a) the accounting policies for the determination of carrying amount of investments;
(b) the amounts included in profit and loss statement for :
(i) interest, dividends (showing separately dividends from subsidiary companies), and rentals
on investments showing separately such income from long-term and current investments,
Gross income should be stated, the amount of income tax deducted at source being
included under Advance Taxes Paid;
(ii) profits and losses on disposal of current investments and changes in carrying amount of
such investments;
(iii) profits and losses on disposal of long-term investments and changes in the carrying
amount of such investments;
(c) significant restrictions on the right of ownership, realisability of investments or the remittance of
income and proceeds of disposal;
(d) the aggregate amount of quoted and unquoted investments, giving the aggregate market value of
quoted investments;
(e) other disclosures as specifically required by the relevant statute governing the enterprise.
Accounting Standard
(The Accounting Standard comprises paragraphs 26-35 of this Statement. The Standard should be
read in the context of paragraphs 1-25 of this Statement and of the ‘Preface to the Statements of
Accounting Standards’.)
Classification of Investments
26. An enterprise should disclose current investments and long-term investments distinctly in its
financial statements.
27. Further classification of current and long-term investments should be as specified in the statute
governing the enterprise. In the absence of a statutory requirement, such further classification
should disclose, where applicable, investments in:
(a) Government or Trust securities;
(b) Shares, debentures or bonds;
(c) Investment properties; and
(d) Others - specifying nature.
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Cost of Investments
28. The cost of an investment should include acquisition charges such as brokerage, fees and
duties.
29. If an investment is acquired, or partly acquired, by the issue of shares or other securities the
acquisition cost should be the fair value of the securities issued (which in appropriate cases
may be indicated by the issue price as determined by statutory authorities). The fair value may
not necessarily be equal to the nominal or par value of the securities issued. If an investment is
acquired in exchange for another asset, the acquisition cost of the investment should be
determined by reference to the fair value of the asset given up. Alternatively, the acquisition
cost of the investment may be determined with reference to the fair value of the investment
acquired if it is more clearly evident.
Investment Properties
30. An enterprise holding investment properties should account for them as long-term
investments.
Carrying Amount of Investments
31. Investments classified as current investments should be carried in the financial statements at
the lower of cost and fair value determined either on an individual investment basis or by
category of investment, but not on an overall (or global) basis.
32. Investments classified as long-term investments should be carried in the financial statements
at cost. However, provision for diminution shall be made to recognise a decline, other than
temporary, in the value of the investments, such reduction being determined and made for each
investment individually.
Changes in Carrying Amounts of Investments
33. Any reduction in the carrying amount and any reversals of such reductions should be charged
or credited to the profit and loss statement.
Disposal of Investments
34. On disposal of an investment, the difference between the carrying amount and net disposal
proceeds should be charged or credited to the profit and loss statement.
Disclosure
35. The following information should be disclosed in the financial statements :
(a) the accounting policies for determination of carrying amount of investments;
(b) classification of investments as specified in paragraphs 26 and 27 above;
(c) the amounts included in profit and loss statement for:
(i) interest, dividends (showing separately dividends from subsidiary companies), and
rentals on investments showing separately such income from long-term and current
investments. Gross income should be stated, the amount of income tax deducted at
source being included under Advance Taxes Paid;
(ii) profits and losses on disposal of current investments and changes in the carrying
amount of such investments; and
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(iii) profits and losses on disposal of long term investments and changes in the carrying
amount of such investments;
(d) significant restrictions on the right of ownership, realisability of investments or the
remittance of income and proceeds of disposal;
(e) the aggregate amount of quoted and unquoted investments, giving the aggregate market
value of quoted investments;
(f) other disclosures as specifically required by the relevant statute governing the enterprise.
Effective Date
36. This Accounting Standard comes into effect for financial statements covering periods
commencing on or after April 1, 1995.
AS 14 : Accounting For Amalgamations∗
The following is the text of Accounting Standard (AS) 14, ‘Accounting for Amalgamations’, issued by
the council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India.
This standard will come into effect in respect of accounting periods commencing on or after 1-4-1995
and will be mandatory in nature. The Guidance Note on Accounting Treatment of Reserves in
Amalgations issued by the Institute in, 1983 will stand withdrawn from the aforesaid date.
Introduction
1. This statement deals with accounting for amalgamations and the treatment of any resultant
goodwill or reserves. This statement is directed principally to companies although some of its re-
quirements also apply to financial statements of other enterprises.
2. This statement does not deal with cases of acquisitions which arise when there is a purchase by
one company (referred to as the acquiring company) of the whole or part of the shares, or the
whole or part of the assets, of another company (referred to as the acquired company) in
consideration for payment in cash or by issue of shares or other securities in the acquiring
company or partly in one form and partly in the other. The distinguishing feature of an acquisition
is that the acquired company is not dissolved and its separate entity continues to exist.
Definitions
3. The following terms are used in this statement with the meanings specified :
(a) Amalgamation means an amalgamation pursuant to the provisions of the Companies Act,
1956, or any other statute which may be applicable to companies.
(b) Transferor company means the company which is amalgamated into another company.
(c) Transferee company means the company into which a transferor company is amalgamated.
(d) Reserve means the portion of earnings, receipts or other surplus of an enterprise (whether
∗ A limited revision to the standard has been made I 2004, pursuant to which paragraphs 23 and 42 of the standard
have been revised.
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capital or revenue) appropriated by the management for a general or a specific purpose
other than a provision for depreciation or diminution in the value of assets or for a known
liability.
(e) Amalgamation in the nature of merger is an amalgamation which satisfies all the following
conditions :
(i) All the assets and liabilities of the transferor company become, after amalgamation,
the assets and liabilities of the transferee company.
(ii) Shareholders holding not less than 90% of the face value of the equity shares of the
transferor company (other than the equity shares already held therein, immediately
before the amalgamation, by the transferee company or its subsidiaries or their
nominees) become equity shareholders of the transferee company by virtue of the
amalgamation.
(iii) The consideration for the amalgamation receivable by those equity shareholders of the
transferor company who agree to become equity shareholders of the transferee company
is discharged by the transferee company wholly by the issue of equity shares in the
transferee company, except that cash may be paid in respect of any fractional shares.
(iv) The business of the transferor company is intended to be carried on, after the
amalgamation, by the transferee company.
(v) No adjustment is intended to be made to the book values of the assets and liabilities
of the transferor company when they are incorporated in the financial statements of
the transferee company except to ensure uniformity of accounting policies.
(f) Amalgamation in the nature of purchase is an amalgamation which does not satisfy any one
or more of the conditions specified in sub-paragraph (e) above.
(g) Consideration for the amalgamation means the aggregate of the shares and other securities
issued and the payment made in the form of cash or other assets by the transferee company
to the shareholders of the transferor company.
(h) Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged between a knowledgeable,
willing buyer and a knowledgeable, willing seller in an arm’s length transaction.
(i) Polling of interests is a method of accounting for amalgamations the object of which is to
account for the amalgamations as if the separate businesses of the amalgamating
companies were intended to be continued by the transferee company. Accordingly, only
minimal changes are made in aggregating the individual financial statements of the
amalgamating companies.
Explanation
Types of Amalgamations
4. Generally speaking, amalgamations fall into two broad categories. In the first category are those
amalgamations where there is a genuine pooling not merely of the assets and liabilities of the
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amalgamating companies but also of the shareholders’ interests and of the businesses of these
companies. Such amalgamations are amalgamations which are in the nature of ‘merger’ and the
accounting treatment of such amalgamations should ensure that the resultant figures of assets,
liabilities, capital and reserves more or less represent the sum of the relevant figures of the
amalgamating companies. In the second category are those amalgamations which are in effect a
mode by which one company acquires another company and, as a consequence, the
shareholders of the company which is acquired normally do not continue to have a proportionate
share in the equity of the combined company or the business of the company which is acquired is
not intended to be continued. Such amalgamations are amalgamations in the nature of
‘purchase’.
5. An amalgamation is classified as an ‘amalgamation in the nature of merger’ when all the
conditions listed in paragraph 3(e) are satisfied. There are, however, differing views regarding the
nature of any further conditions that may apply. Some believe that, in addition to an exchange of
equity shares, it is necessary that the shareholders of the transferor company obtain a substantial
share in the transferee company even to the extent that it should not be possible to identify any
one party as dominant therein. This belief is based in part on the view that the exchange of
control of one company for an insignificant share in a larger company does not amount to a
mutual sharing or risks and benefits.
6. Others believe that the substance of an amalgamation in the nature of merger is evidenced by
meeting certain criteria regarding the relationship of the parties, such as the former independence
of the amalgamating companies, the manner of their amalgamation, the absence of planned
transactions that would undermine the effect of the amalgamation, and the continuing
participation by the management of the transferor company in the management of the transferee
company after the amalgamation.
Methods of Accounting for Amalgamations
7. There are two main methods of accounting for amalgamations :
(a) the pooling of interests method; and
(b) the purchase method.
8. The use of the pooling of interests method is confined to circumstances which meet the criteria
referred to in paragraph 3(e) for an amalgamation in the nature of merger.
9. The object of the purchase method is to account for the amalgamation by applying the same
principles as are applied in the normal purchase of assets. This method is used in accounting for
amalgamations in the nature of purchase.
The Pooling of Interests Method
10. Under the pooling of interests method, the assets, liabilities and reserves of the transferor
company are recorded by the transferee company at their existing carrying amounts (after making
the adjustments required in paragraph 11).
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11. If, at the time of the amalgamation, the transferor and the transferee companies have conflicting
accounting policies, a uniform set of accounting policies is adopted following the amalgamation.
The effects on the financial statements of any changes in accounting policies are reported in
accordance with Accounting Standard (AS) 5, ‘Prior Period and Extraordinary Items and Changes
in Accounting Policies’1.
The Purchase Method
12. Under the purchase method, the transferee company accounts for the amalgamation either by
incorporating the assets and liabilities at their existing carrying amounts or by allocating the
consideration to individual identifiable assets and liabilities of the transferor company on the basis
of their fair values at the date of amalgamation. The identifiable assets and liabilities may include
assets and liabilities not recorded in the financial statements of the transferor company.
13. Where assets and liabilities are restated on the basis of their fair values, the determination of fair
values may be influenced by the intentions of the transferee company. For example, the
transferee company may have a specialised use for an asset, which is not available to other
potential buyers. The transferee company may intend to effect changes in the activities of the
transferor company which necessitate the creation of specific provisions for the expected costs,
e.g. planned employee termination and plant relocation costs.
Consideration
14. The consideration for the amalgamation may consist of securities, cash or other assets. In
determining the value of the consideration, an assessment is made of the fair value of its
elements. A variety of techniques is applied in arriving at fair value. For example, when the
consideration includes securities, the value fixed by the statutory authorities may be taken to be
the fair value. In case of other assets, the fair value may be determined by reference to the
market value of the assets given up. Where the market value of the assets given up cannot be
reliably assessed, such assets may be valued at their respective net book values.
15. Many amalgamations recognise that adjustments may have to be made to the consideration in the
light of one or more future events. When the additional payment is probable and can reasonably
be estimated at the date of amalgamation, it is included in the calculation of the consideration. In
all other cases, the adjustment is recognised as soon as the amount is determinable [see
Accounting Standard (AS) 4, Contingencies and Events Occurring after the Balance Sheet Date].
Treatment of Reserves on Amalgamation
16. If the amalgamation is an ‘amalgamation in the nature of merger’, the identity of the reserves is
preserved and they appear in the financial statements of the transferee company in the same
form in which they appeared in the financial statements of the transferor company. Thus, for
example, the General Reserve of the transferor company becomes the General Reserve of the
transferee company, the Capital Reserve of the transferor company becomes the Capital Reserve
1 AS 5 has been revised in February, 1997. The title of revised AS 5 is ‘Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Prior Period
Items and Changes in Accounting Policies’.
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of the transferee company and the Revaluation Reserve of the transferor company becomes the
Revaluation Reserve of the transferee company. As a result of preserving the identity, reserves
which are available for distribution as dividend before the amalgamation would also be available
for distribution as dividend after the amalgamation. The difference between the amount recorded
as share capital issued (plus any additional consideration in the form of cash or other assets)
and the amount of share capital of the transferor company is adjusted in reserves in the financial
statements of the transferee company.
17. If the amalgamation is an ‘amalgamation in the nature of purchase’,the identity of the reserves,
other than the statutory reserves dealt with in paragraph 18, is not preserved. The amount of the
consideration is deducted from the value of the net assets of the transferor company acquired by
the transferee company. If the result of the computation is negative, the difference is debited to
goodwill arising on amalgamation and dealt with in the manner stated in paragraphs 19-20. If the
result of the computation is positive, the difference is credited to Capital Reserve.
18. Certain reserves may have been created by the transferor company pursuant to the requirements
of, or to avail of the benefits under the Income-tax Act, 1961; for example, Development
Allowance Reserve, or Investment Allowance Reserve. The Act requires that the identity of the
reserves should be preserved for a specified period. Likewise, certain other reserves may have
been created in the financial statements of the transferor company in terms of the requirements of
other statutes. Though, normally, in an amalgamation in the nature of purchase, the identity of
reserves is not preserved, an exception is made in respect of reserves of the aforesaid nature
(referred to hereinafter as ‘statutory reserves’) and such reserves retain their identity in the
financial statements of the transferee company in the same form in which they appeared in the
financial statements of the transferor company, so long as their identity is required to be
maintained to comply with the relevant statute. This exception is made only in those
amalgamations where the requirements of the relevant statute for recording the statutory reserves
in the books of the transferee company are complied with. In such cases, the statutory reserves
are recorded in the financial statements of the transferee company by a corresponding debit to a
suitable account head (e.g. ‘Amalgamation Adjustment Account’) which is disclosed as a part of
“miscellaneous expenditure” or other similar category in the balance sheet. When the identity of
the statutory reserves is no longer required to be maintained, both the reserves and the aforesaid
account are reversed.
Treatment of Goodwill arising on Amalgamation
19. Goodwill arising on amalgamation represents a payment made in anticipation of future income
and it is appropriate to treat it as an asset to be amortised to income on a systematic basis over
its useful life. Due to the nature of goodwill, it is frequently difficult to estimate its useful life with
reasonable certainty. Such estimation is, however, made on a prudent basis. Accordingly, it is
considered appropriate to amortise goodwill over a period not exceeding five years unless a
somewhat longer period can be justified.
20. Factors which may be considered in estimating the useful life of goodwill arising on amalgamation
include :
(cid:190) the foreseeable life of the business or industry;
(cid:190) the effects of product obsolescence, changes in demand and other economic factors;
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(cid:190) the service life expectancies of key individuals or groups of employees;
(cid:190) expected actions by competitors or potential competitors; and
(cid:190) legal, regulatory or contractual provisions affecting the useful life.
Balance of Profit and Loss Account
21. In the case of an ‘amalgamation in the nature of merger’, the balance of the Profit and Loss
Account appearing in the financial statements of the transferor company is aggregated with the
corresponding balance appearing in the financial statements of the transferee company.
Alternatively, it is transferred to the General Reserve, if any.
22. In the case of an ‘amalgamation in the nature of purchase’, the balance of the Profit and Loss
Account appearing in the financial statements of the transferor company, whether debit or credit,
loses its identity.
Treatment of Reserves Specified in a Scheme of Amalgamation
23. The scheme of amalgamation sanctioned under the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956 or any
other statute may prescribe the treatment to be given to the reserves of the transferor company
after its amalgamation. Where the treatment is so prescribed, the same is followed. In some
cases, the scheme of amalgamation sanctioned under a statute may prescribe a different
treatment to be given to the reserves of the transferor company after amalgamation as compared
to the requirements of this Statement that would have been followed had no treatment been
prescribed by the scheme. In such cases, the following disclosures are made in the first financial
statements following the amalgamation:
(a) A description of the accounting treatment given to the reserves and the reasons for following
the treatment different from that prescribed in this Statement.
(b) Deviations in the accounting treatment given to the reserves as prescribed by the scheme of
amalgamation sanctioned under the statute as compared to the requirements of this
Statement that would have been followed had no treatment been prescribed by the scheme.
(c) The financial effect, if any, arising due to such deviation.”€
Disclosure
24. For all amalgamations, the following disclosures are considered appropriate in the first financial
statements following the amalgamation :
(a) names and general nature of business of amalgamating companies;
(b) effective date of amalgamation for accounting purposes;
€ As a limited revision to AS 14, the council of the Institute decided to rvise this paragraph in 2004. the erstwhile
para was as under:
The scheme of amalgamation sanctioned under the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956 or any other statute
may prescribe the treatment to be given to the reserves of the transferor company after its amalgamation. Where
the treatment is so prescribed, the same is followed.
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(c) the method of accounting used to reflect the amalgamation; and
(d) particulars of the scheme sanctioned under a statute.
25. For amalgamations accounted for under the pooling of interests method, the following additional
disclosures are considered appropriate in the first financial statements following the
amalgamation :
(a) description and number of shares issued, together with the percentage of each company’s
equity shares exchanged to effect the amalgamation;
(b) the amount of any difference between the consideration and the value of net identifiable
assets acquired, and the treatment thereof.
26. For amalgamations accounted for under the purchase method, the following additional
disclosures are considered appropriate in the first financial statements following the
amalgamation:
(a) consideration for the amalgamation and a description of the consideration paid or
contingently payable; and
(b) the amount of any difference between the consideration and the value of net identifiable
assets acquired, and the treatment thereof including the period of amortisation of any good-
will arising on amalgamation.
Amalgamation after the Balance Sheet Date
27. When an amalgamation is effected after the balance sheet date but before the issuance of the
financial statements of either party to the amalgamation, disclosure is made in accordance with
AS 4, ‘Contingencies and Events Occurring after the Balance Sheet Date’, but the amalgamation
is not incorporated in the financial statements. In certain circumstances, the amalgamation may
also provide additional information affecting the financial statements themselves, for instance, by
allowing the going concern assumption to be maintained.
Accounting Standard
(The Accounting Standard comprises paragraphs 28 to 46 of this statement. The ‘Standard
should be read in the context of paragraphs 1 to 27 of this Statement and of the Preface to the
Statements of Accounting Standards’.)
28. An amalgamation may be either :
(a) an amalgamation in the nature of merger, or
(b) an amalgamation in the nature of purchase.
29. An amalgamation should be considered to be an amalgamation in the nature of merger
when all the following conditions are satisfied :
(i) All the assets and liabilities of the transferor company become, after amalgamation,
the assets and liabilities of the transferee company.
(ii) Shareholders holding not less than 90% of the face value of the equity shares of the
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transferor company (other than the equity shares already held therein, immediately
before the amalgamation, by the transferee company or its subsidiaries or their
nominees) become equity shareholders of the transferee company by virtue of the
amalgamation.
(iii) The consideration for the amalgamation receivable by those equity shareholders of
the transferor company who agree to become equity shareholders of the transferee
company is discharged by the transferee company wholly by the issue of equity
shares in the transferee company, except that cash may be paid in respect of any
fractional shares.
(iv) The business of the transferor company is intended to be carried on, after the
amalgamation, by the transferee company.
(v) No adjustment is intended to be made to the book values of the assets and liabilities
of the transferor company when they are incorporated in the financial statements of
the transferee company except to ensure uniformity of accounting policies.
30. An Amalgamation should be considered to be an amalgamation in the nature of purchase,
when any one or more the conditions specified in paragraph 29 is not satisfied.
31. When an amalgamation is considered to be an amalgamation in the nature of merger, it should
be accounted for under the pooling of interests method described in paragraphs 33-35.
32. When an amalgamation is considered to be an amalgamation in the nature of purchase, it
should be accounted for under the purchase method described in paragraphs 36-39.
The Pooling of Interests Method
33. In preparing the transferee company’s financial statements, the assets, liabilities and
reserves (whether capital or revenue or arising on revaluation) of the transferor company
should be recorded at their existing carrying amounts and in the same form as at the date
of the amalgamation. The balance of the Profit and Loss Account of the transferor
company should be aggregated with the corresponding balance of the transferee company
or transferred to the General Reserve, if any.
34. If, at the time of the amalgamation, the transferor and the transferee companies have
conflicting accounting policies, a uniform set of accounting polices should be adopted
following the amalgamation. The effects on the financial statements of any changes in
accounting policies should be reported in accordance with Accounting Standard (AS) 5,
‘Prior Period and Extraordinary Items and Changes in Accounting Policies’2.
35. The difference between the amount recorded as share capital issued (plus any additional
consideration in the form of cash or other assets) and the amount of share capital of the
transferor company should be adjusted in reserves.
The Purchase Method
36. In preparing the transferee company’s financial statements, the assets and liabilities of
the transferor company should be incorporated at their existing carrying amounts or,
2 AS 5 has been revised in February, 1997. The title of revised AS 5 is ‘Net Profit or Loss for the Period,
Prior Period Items and Changes in Accounting Policies’.
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alternatively, the consideration should be allocated to individual identifiable assets and
liabilities on the basis of their fair values at the date of amalgamation. The reserves
(whether capital or revenue or arising on revaluation) of the transferor company, other than
the statutory reserves, should not be included in the financial statements of the transferee
company except as stated in paragraph 39.
37. Any excess of the amount of the consideration over the value of the net assets of the
transferor company acquired by the transferee company should be recognised in the
transferee company’s financial statements as goodwill arising on amalgamation. If the
amount of the consideration is lower than the value of the net assets acquired, the
difference should be treated as Capital Reserve.
38. The goodwill arising amalgamation should be amortised to income on a systematic basis
over its useful life. The amortisation period should not exceed five years unless a
somewhat longer period can be justified.
39. Where the requirements of the relevant statute for recording the statutory reserves in the books
of the transferee company are complied with, statutory reserves of the transferor company
should be recorded in the financial statements of the transferee company. The corresponding
debit should be given to a suitable account head (e.g., ‘Amalgamation Adjustment Account’)
which should be disclosed as a part of “miscellaneous expenditure” or other similar category in
the balance sheet. When the identity of the statutory reserves is no longer required to be
maintained, both the reserves and the aforesaid account should be reversed.
Common Procedures
40. The consideration for the amalgamation should include any non-cash element at fair value. In
case of issue of securities, the value fixed by the statutory authorities may be taken to be the
fair value. In case of other assets, the fair value may be determined by reference to the market
value of the assets given up. Where the market value of the assets given up cannot be reliably
assessed, such assets may be valued at their respective net book values.
41. Where the scheme of amalgamation provides for an adjustment to the consideration
contingent on one or more future events, the amount of the additional payment should be
included in the consideration if payment is probable and a reasonable estimate of the
amount can be made. In all other cases, the adjustment should be recognised as soon as
the amount is determinable [See Accounting Standard (AS) 4, Contingencies and Events
Occurring after the Balance Sheet Date].
Treatment of Reserves Specified in a Scheme of Amalgamation
42. Where the scheme of amalgamation sanctioned under a statute prescribes the treatment to
be given to the reserves of the transferor company after amalgamation, the same should be
followed. Where the scheme of amalgamation sanctioned under a statute prescribes a
different treatment to be given to the reserves of the transferor company after
amalgamation as compared to the requirements of this Statement that would have been
followed had no treatment been prescribed by the scheme, the following disclosures
should be made in the first financial statements following the amalgamation:
(a) A description of the accounting treatment given to the reserves and the reasons for
following the treatment different from that prescribed in this Statement.
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(b) Deviations in the accounting treatment given to the reserves as prescribed by the
scheme of amalgamation sanctioned under the statute as compared to the
requirements of this Statement that would have been followed had no treatment been
prescribed by the scheme.
(c) The financial effect, if any, arising due to such deviation.” €
Disclosure
43. For all amalgamations, the following disclosures should be made in the first financial
statements following the amalgamation :
(a) names and general nature of business of the amalgamating companies;
(b) effective date of amalgamation for accounting purposes;
(c) the method of accounting used to reflect the amalgamation; and
(d) particulars of the scheme sanctioned under a statute.
44. For amalgamations accounted for under the pooling of interests method, the following
additional disclosures should be made in the first financial statements following the
amalgamation :
(a) description and number of shares issued, together with the percentage of each
company’s equity shares exchanged to effect the amalgamation; and
(b) the amount of any difference between the consideration and the value of net
identifiable assets acquired, and the treatment thereof.
45. For amalgamations accounted for under the purchase method, the following additional
disclosures should be made in the first financial statements following the amalgamations :
(a) consideration for the amalgamation and a description of the consideration paid or
contingently payable; and
(b) the amount of any difference between the consideration and the value of net
identifiable assets acquired, and the treatment thereof including the period of
amortisation of any goodwill arising on amalgamation.
Amalgamation after the Balance Sheet Date
46. When an amalgamation is effected after the balance sheet date but before the issuance of the
financial statements of either party to the amalgamation, disclosure should be made in accord-
ance with AS-4, ‘Contingencies and Events Occurring after the Balance Sheet Date’, but the
amalgamation should not be incorporated in the financial statements. In certain circumstances,
the amalgamation may also provide additional information affecting the financial statements
themselves, for instance by allowing the going concern assumption to be maintained.
€ As a limited revision to AS 14, the council of the Institute decided to revise this paragraph in 2004. the erstwhile para
was as under:
Where the scheme of amalgamation sanctioned under a statute prescribes the treatment to be given to the
reserves of the transferor company after amalgamation, the same should be followed.
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